LibGuides: APUS ePress: Global Security and Intelligence Studies

Global Security and Intelligence Studies Issues

Vol. 2, No. 2 (Fall/Winter 2017)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 2, Number 2

Fall/Winter 2017

Global Security and Intelligence Studies is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal published through partnership between The Policy Studies Organization, American Public University System, and the APUS ePress.The journal is designed to provide a forum for the academic community and the community of practitioners to engage in dialogue about contemporary global security and intelligence issues. GSIS welcomes contributions on a broad range of intelligence and security issues, and from across the methodological and theoretical spectrum.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents for volume 2, number 2 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies.
Editorial Welcome
Melissa Schnyder
An introduction to volume 2, issue 2 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies, detailing changes to the journal's format and leadership. The articles in this issue of GSIS address a number of important topics in focusing on the theme of challenges and opportunities of teaching intelligence analysis.
Teaching the Millennial Intelligence Analyst
Margaret S. Marangione
Abstract: This paper examines the conclusions of researchers regarding the millennial generation and their unique challenges as students and intelligence analysts (IAs), and determines that a carefully crafted framework of coursework can be correlated and a curriculum built to the core competencies of ICD 610, as well as take into account the unique variables of millennial intelligence analysts and the needs of the intelligence community. By examining the paradigm shifts of the intelligence community, the demographic of the millennial population and current and future educational trends, this paper argues that teaching methods and competency coursework must be adapted and designed to meet millennials’ specific learning styles. Unless coursework is designed for the needs of this population, millennial IAs will not be able to build on their present skills or enhance their expertise. Government, education institutions and contractors must examine how they will authentically assess IA learning to meet the ICD 610 skill set. By readapting intelligence curricula, building in clear assessment, flipping the classroom as well as mapping learning outcomes back to ICD 610, a concrete framework can be provided for delivering to the government excellent service through measurable skill training education.
Teaching the Intelligence Collection Disciplines: The Effectiveness of Experiential Learning as a Pedagogical Technique
Keith Cozine
Abstract: Teaching intelligence collection within an academic setting can be difficult because of the clandestine nature of tradecraft and sources of intelligence. One course titled “Intelligence Planning, Collection and Processing,” offered as part of the undergraduate Homeland Security program at St. John’s University, requires students to engage in intelligence collection projects. Specifically, students are required to use techniques taught in class to plan, conduct, and process intelligence from open sources, human sources, and geospatial sources. At the end of each semester, data were gathered by a survey asking the students their perception of the utility of these projects in helping them develop a better understanding of the course material. Specific focus was placed on how the students felt these projects met the learning objectives of the course. Data were collected from students enrolled in this course over the span of three semesters, culminating in the Spring 2017 semester. This article presents and analyzes the results of these surveys in terms of how the students perceived the effectiveness of these intelligence collection projects in helping them better understand the class material and meet the course objectives. It is the hope that the research presented will not only shed light on the effectiveness of these projects but will also help guide the further development of experiential learning pedagogical techniques to enhance learning in both this course and other intelligence courses delivered in an academic setting.
Peer Review Skill Development in Intelligence Education
John Andrews and Dale Nute
Abstract: We identify three areas of pedagogical concern to aid in overcoming the challenges of acquiring information from multidisciplinary sources in geographically distributed locations and analyzing that information in a collaborative manner: developing the concept of an externalized analytical thought process among students trained via the lecture/rote memory model; developing the concept of sharing information, i.e., collaboration, among students trained via the individualist/competitive model; and developing the concept of formally critiquing the work of fellow students, i.e., peer review, among students trained that only the teacher has the answers. This paper focuses on the third concern while recognizing that all three must be addressed simultaneously. Conducting a peer review forces one to evaluate and thereby better understand the analytical process. Similarly, a peer review process can be constructed that forces substantive collaboration, even online. This paper presents the approach that we have taken to incorporate peer review at both the undergraduate and graduate level into the law enforcement intelligence curriculum at Florida State University.
Teaching Intelligence Analysis: An Academic and Practitioner Discussion
Richard J. Kilroy Jr
Abstract: For many years, there has been an ongoing debate over intelligence analysis: is it an art or science?; tradecraft or training?; creative or critical thinking? As a result, academics and practitioners often differ in their views of how to teach intelligence analysis. On May 23, 2017, at this year’s International Associate for Intelligence Education (IAFIE) Conference in Charles Town, West Virginia, a roundtable composed of faculty members from five universities in the United States shared their views on how they approach the teaching of intelligence analysis within their specific academic departments and disciplines. These include graduate and undergraduate degree programs; intelligence-specific majors or minors; multidisciplinary programs; traditional liberal arts programs; and professional school programs. They also come from diverse backgrounds as academics, scholars, practitioners, or all of the above. This article summarizes the views shared by the roundtable participants regarding how they approach teaching intelligence analysis, to include pedagogy; methodology; learning outcomes; assessment methods; course content; use of analytical tools and structured analytical techniques; and simulations and exercises.
Book Review: Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command
Rhys Ball
A review of Sean Naylor's Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN: 978-1-250-01454-2. 2015.
Book Review: Why America Misunderstands The World: National Experience and Roots of Misperception
Clinton L. Ervin
A review of Paul R. Pillar's Why America Misunderstands the World: National Experience and Roots of Misperception. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN: 9780231165907. 2016.
Book Review: The Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures
João Estevens
A review of editors Bob de Graaff and James N. Nyce's The Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2016. ISBN: 978-1-4422-4941-7. 2016.

Vol. 2, No. 1 (Fall 2016)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 2, Number 1

Fall 2016

Global Security and Intelligence Studies is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal published through partnership between The Policy Studies Organization, American Public University System, and the APUS ePress.The journal is designed to provide a forum for the academic community and the community of practitioners to engage in dialogue about contemporary global security and intelligence issues. GSIS welcomes contributions on a broad range of intelligence and security issues, and from across the methodological and theoretical spectrum.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents for volume 2, number 1 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies.
Editorial Welcome
Yoav Gortzak and Patricia J. Campbell
An introduction to Volume 2, Number 1 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies, featuring topics as diverse as academic intelligence programs in the United States to China's peacekeeping efforts and arms sales in Africa.
Academic Intelligence Programs in the United States: Exploring the Training and Tradecraft Debate
Michael Landon-Murray and Stephen Coulthart
Abstract: Academic intelligence programs in the United States have grown markedly in the past 15 years. Their value to the U.S. intelligence community (IC) has received some attention in the literature, as has the role of training and tradecraft in those programs. The inclusion of such content has been identified and characterized as a new function of U.S. higher education in support of intelligence. Varied but limited views have been offered on the appropriateness of this sort of instruction in academic programs, a part of the value-added these programs may offer. To address this gap, we interviewed 10 intelligence educators and program directors so that a more inclusive picture of views and practices could be sketched. With their input, which certainly demonstrated variation, and consideration of current IC practice, we explore what facets of training and tradecraft can be appropriate for academic programs and offer recommendations accordingly. The article concludes that the delineation between intelligence education and training may not be so stark, largely because of the educational and social science underpinnings of analytic tradecraft and competencies, as well as various issues in IC training and tradecraft. By better connecting professional practice with social science foundations, academic intelligence programs can help create a better transition from education to training.
Anonymous Versus ISIS: The Role of Non-state Actors in Self-defense
Andrew Colarik and Rhys Ball
Abstract: The use of cyberspace by terrorist organizations for command and control activities, recruitment and the dissemination of training materials is of on-going concern for state actors. This is especially true because the nature of cyberspace makes efforts to limit and/or eliminate it exceedingly difficult. With the emergence of non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) openly using cyberspace to spread its ideology and activities, other non-state actors such as the hacktivist group Anonymous have declared their intention to attack them anywhere they find them in cyberspace. This paper initially examines the cyberspace activities and capabilities of ISIS and Anonymous, and their roles and relationship as non-state actors. We then explore the notion of applying just war theory to non-state actors in self-defense, and propose a number of likely outcomes from our analysis.
Calculation of Goodwill: Humanitarianism, Strategic Interests, and the U.S. Response to Typhoon Yolanda
Chris J. Dolan and Alynna J. Lyon
Abstract: U.S. participation in the global response to Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) was compelled by both humanitarian concerns and strategic interests. U.S. action can be understood as a product of domestic and global discourse, historical milieu, logistical factors, and domestic political determinants highlighting the importance of Asia and the Pacific in U.S. foreign policy. Consistent with previous engagements, it is apparent in this case that humanitarian concerns aligned with strategic interests in shaping the extent of U.S. involvement. Our examination begins with a conceptualizing the determining factors in humanitarian operations. This provides specific focus on the degree with which historical milieu and larger episodes of previous engagements, media coverage and public support, human security and humanitarian concerns, and strategic interests enter into considerations. Our study then applies these concepts to understand the decision-making calculus in Operation Damayan. We conclude that the prevailing literature should focus more on a comprehensive understanding of interactive concepts and dynamic factors that include state actors, norms, domestic determinants, global factors, and historical milieu.
An Assessment of Lone Wolves Using Explosive-Laden Consumer Drones in the United States
Matthew Hughes and James Hess
Abstract: The recent advent of the consumer drone offers terrorists new capabilities in sophisticated attacks, particularly lone wolves who can afford these drones and benefit from standoff and other features. Although terrorists have not yet employed explosive-laden drones in domestic attacks, drones available on the market can carry a payload sufficient to achieve lethal or destructive objectives sought by lone wolves motivated by diverse ideologies targeting long-term static, short-term static, or mobile targets. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory suggests that explosive-laden drones are not an immediate threat, but as pioneering terrorists experiment with consumer drones, this tactic may become more commonplace as existing defense mechanisms fail to protect targeted buildings, events and individuals. As consumer drones become more popular and more sophisticated, countermeasures and government policies must keep stride with this new and evolving threat.
Is China Playing a Contradictory Role in Africa? Security Implications of its Arms Sales and Peacekeeping
Earl Conteh-Morgan and Patti Weeks
Abstract: This article offers a critical analysis of the conflict and regional security implications of one of the strategies (arms sales) utilized by China to expand and consolidate its presence in Africa. This worrying trend is juxtaposed against its equally increasing peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities in post-conflict states within the continent. The analysis, accordingly, argues that the simultaneous growth in the scope of arms transfers and increase in contributions to peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities is tantamount to a contradictory policy toward Africa. Arms sales to African states encourage some incumbent regimes to maintain their despotic and oppressive rule thereby increasing the probability of violent conflicts between regimes and opposition groups. Small arms also prolong civil wars because of the easy access to them. While Chinese arms have been implicated in many conflicts in Africa, China at the same time is also enhancing African Union peacekeeping activities through generous financial donations as well as participation in humanitarian assistance, national police training, and resettlement of ex-combatants, among other activities. The question is, why does China pursue these seemingly antithetical policies within Africa? Or, why does China play this contradictory role contrary to its narrative of noninterference in the internal affairs of other states?
Book Review: On Intelligence: The History of Espionage and the Secret World
Adeyinka Makinde
A review of John Hughes-Wilson's On Intelligence: The History of Espionage and the Secret World. First Edition. London: Constable. ISBN: 978-1-472-11353-5. 528 pages. £25.00. 2016.
Book Review: Confronting Al Qaeda: The Sunni Awakening and American Strategy in Al Anbar
James Hess
A review of Martha L. Cottam, Joe W. Huseby, and Bruno Baltodano's Confronting Al Qaeda: The Sunni Awakening and American Strategy in al Anbar. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN: 978-4422-6485-4 (Hbk), 978-1-4422-6486-1 (Ebk). 150 pages. 2016.
Book Review: The Spy’s Son: The True Story of the Highest Ranking CIA Officer Ever Convicted of Espionage and the Son he Trained to Spy for Russia
Rhys Ball
A review of Bryan Denson's The Spy’s Son: The True Story of the Highest Ranking CIA Officer Ever Convicted of Espionage and the Son He Trained to Spy for Russia. London: Scribe Publications. ISBN: 9781925106657 (pbk). 368 pages. 2015.
Book Review: The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal
Robert Smith
A review of David E. Hoffman's The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal. New York: Doubleday . 0385537603. Photographs. Notes. Index. Pp Xii, 336. 2015.

Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring 2016)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 1, Number 2

Spring 2016

Global Security and Intelligence Studies is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal published through partnership between The Policy Studies Organization, American Public University System, and the APUS ePress.The journal is designed to provide a forum for the academic community and the community of practitioners to engage in dialogue about contemporary global security and intelligence issues. GSIS welcomes contributions on a broad range of intelligence and security issues, and from across the methodological and theoretical spectrum.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents for volume 1, number 2 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies.
Editorial Welcome
Yoav Gortzak and Patricia J. Campbell
An introduction to this special issue on cybersecurity, which offers a variety of perspectives on one of the most important security problems in the contemporary international system.
Intellectual Property, Cyber Espionage, and Military Diffusion
Robert Farley
Abstract: This article investigates the diffusion of military technology through the cyber theft of intellectual property (IP). During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union worried about illicit appropriation of military technology, some of which occurred through review of IP documents. Recently, these concerns have intensified, as the expanding use of IP has offered a window—sometimes one left wide open—for theft. This is particularly the case for dual-use technology, which is less likely to have been initially created with secrecy protections in place. In recent years, sources have alleged that China is appropriating a vast amount of military-related IP from the United States. As the digital age has matured, there is persuasive evidence that China is taking advantage of the steps involved in others’ IP regimes by using cyber espionage to access into materials developed as part of the IP legal regime. These include defense contractors’ internal legal documents, law firms’ written evaluations of technology, as well as patent applications submitted to the Patent and Trademark Office. The opportunity that these access points provide adds a new layer to the analysis of the diffusion of military technology.
Reacting to Cyber Threats: Protection and Security in the Digital Age
Anthony Craig and Brandon Valeriano
Abstract: The cyber threat is now a major source of concern in contemporary security affairs and for many governments worldwide cyberspace now represents a new warfighting domain. Given these heightened levels of fear, it is important to ask what steps are being taken by states in response to the threat. A worrying development is the supposed cyber arms race in offensive capabilities given the propensity of these processes to escalate already high levels of tensions between rivals. At the same time, there are suggestions that proper defensive measures have not been given the utmost priority that they arguably should be. Despite speculation, these questions have not been subjected to empirical and data-driven analysis. This article investigates the reaction to the cyber threat by first examining the relationship between threat perception and the presence of offensive capabilities, and then engages the question of whether states are improving their nationwide defensive infrastructure in response to fear. Our results suggest that the heightened perception of threat is indeed linked to the possession of offensive capabilities, but we find little evidence to show that the cyber fear is motivating states to improve their basic cyber hygiene through the use of encrypted server technologies.
Arming Cyberspace: The Militarization of a Virtual Domain
Miguel Alberto N. Gomez
Abstract: The increasing frequency of offensive cyberspace operations (OCOs) directed toward states, particularly the disclosure of Stuxnet in 2010 that appears to have been aimed at disrupting Iran’s nuclear development program, has prompted a reassessment of state behavior in cyberspace. In the years since, states have gradually militarized cyberspace through the establishments of various programs that have framed this as a new domain of warfare. Yet despite the pace of these transformations, a unified theoretical understanding of this phenomenon continues to remain conspicuously absent. To date, scholars have attempted to explain such by highlighting the advantages offered by cyberspace while others have cited the growing fear-based rhetoric grounded by the increasing societal dependence on technology. Neither of these, however, can adequately explain why certain states have militarized while others have not despite predictions of such taking place. Consequently, this study, encompassing the period from 2011 to 2014, proposes that depolarizing these respective arguments may close the existing theoretical gap. In doing so, the study employs a quantitative analytical approach that examines how cyberspace had been militarized across states as a function of both strategic considerations and resource requirements which are both driven by rational choice and societal perceptions regarding this domain.
Applying Robert A. Pape’s Denial Strategy to Computer Warfare
Trevor Sutherland
Abstract: The aim of this study is to use Robert Pape’s Bombing to Win as a stepping off point. This article analyzes the utility of computer warfare as a method to coerce states. It then continues on to consider other views on cyber coercion and how actors and targets can be classified. Actors are mapped to one of four quadrants while six separate types of targets are created.
Book Review: 500 Days: Secrets and Lies in the Terror Wars
Robert Smith
A review of Kurt Eichenwald's 500 Days: Secrets and Lies in the Terror Wars. New York: Touchstone Books. 2012.
Book Review: Propaganda and Intelligence in the Cold War: The NATO Information Service
Stephen Coulthart
A review of Linda Risso's Propaganda and Intelligence in the Cold War: The NATO Information Service. London: Routledge. 2014.
Book Review: An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Briguette Carstensen
A review of David Gioe, Len Scott, and Christopher Andrew's An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis. London: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-415-73217-8. 2014.
Book Review: After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies
Nathan W. Toronto
A review of Christopher M. Davidson's After the Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN: 978-1-84-904189-8. 2013.
Book Review: The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution; Islamic State: A Brief Introduction; The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State
Gregory Moore
Reviews of Patrick Cockburn's The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution, Brooklyn: Verso, 2015, ISBN 978-1-78478-040-1; Charles R. Lister's The Islamic State: A Brief Introduction, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-8157-2667-8; and William McCants' The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1-250-08090-5.

Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 2015)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 1, Number 1

Fall 2015

Global Security and Intelligence Studies is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal published through partnership between The Policy Studies Organization, American Public University System, and the APUS ePress.The journal is designed to provide a forum for the academic community and the community of practitioners to engage in dialogue about contemporary global security and intelligence issues. GSIS welcomes contributions on a broad range of intelligence and security issues, and from across the methodological and theoretical spectrum.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents for volume 1, number 1 of Global Security and Intelligence Studies.
Editorial Welcome
Yoav Gortzak and Patricia J. Campbell
An introduction to the inaugural issue of Global Security and Intelligence Studies, featuring an array of articles on intelligence and security issues.
The Future of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Mike Fowler
Abstract: Predictions of widespread adoption of UAVs for every airpower task are overzealous. This article uses innovation theory to critically analyze the likely future of UAVs using a framework of expected benefits and costs of adoption across core air force missions: air superiority; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR); rapid global mobility; global strike; and command and control (C2). While UAVs will certainly take on an expanded role in warfare, predictions of universal military adoption of UAVs are overzealous because they fail to incorporate the total costs associated with adoption of new technology for a large organization.
Business As Usual: The Egyptian-U.S. Intelligence Relationship
Michele Black and Osamah Alhenaki
Abstract: The aim of this article is to address the question of the future of Egyptian-US intelligence relations through an examination of history and an analysis of the present time. We empirically show that Egypt, while under the leadership of al-Sisi, will return to a ‘Mubarak-era intelligence-sharing relationship’ with the United States. We argue that the events leading up to today, with a short break under the leadership of Morsi, have proven that Egypt and the United States share similar interest in regards to intelligence. Finally, this article discusses the challenges and opportunities regarding the future relationship between Egypt and the US intelligence agencies in the context of the newly elected Egyptian President, Abdul Fattah al-Sisi. Despite the changes and challenges, it is our conclusion that Egypt and the United States will return back to their intelligence-sharing relationship, in a “business as usual” manner.
Applying a Critical Thinking Framework to Improve Intelligence Analysis
James Hess and Curtis Friedel
Abstract: This study examined an intelligence analysis framework built using specific cognitive critical thinking skills. The framework demonstrated that intelligence analysis did improve, specifically with the novice analysts that participated, and there was demonstrated specificity in the respondents’ analyses. A panel of experts provided insight and content assurance that demonstrated the intelligence analysis and products produced were valuable for use at the tactical level. Finally, this study examined successful historical counterinsurgencies in relation to the analytical framework utilized in order to understand how this analysis leads to operational success.
Anthropological Theory and Intelligence
David W. Kriebel
Abstract: This article is a review of anthropological theory that may be of use in intelligence analysis. After addressing the perspectives of both anthropologists and intelligence professionals, it surveys a range of humanistic, scientific, and hybrid paradigms, and concludes with a sample of applications of anthropological theory to topics of intelligence and security interest. While noting the limitations of social science and the fact that many theoretical paradigms have potential utility in the intelligence arena, the author proposes that scientifically-minded theories offer, by and large, better prospects for aiding analysts than much recent theory favoring interpretive, postmodern, and critical perspectives.
Book Review: Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights
Julie Mazzei
A review of Lisa Hajjar's Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights. Taylor & Francis, Routledge Press. 2013. ISBN: 978-0-415-51806-2. 83 pages. $10.40.
Book Review: The Future of Intelligence: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
Jason Anderson
A review of Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Ben de Jong, and Joop van Reijn's The Future of Intelligence: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. 2014. ISBN: 978-0-415-66328-1. 165 pages.
Book Review: Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control
Manley Frost
A review of Medea Benjamin's Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control. New York and London: Verso, first published by New York and London: OR Books. 2013 (first published in 2012). ISBN: 9781781680773 1781680779. 246 pages. $16.95.
Book Review: Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of the Constitution to the War on Terror
Gregory Moore
A review of Chris Edelson's Emergency Presidential Power: From the Drafting of the Constitution to the War on Terror. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 2013. ISBN: 978-0-299-29530-1. pp. vii-xv, 3-273; notes, pp. 275-340; index, pp. 341-359.
Book Review: Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military
Sarah da Mota
A review of editor Bradley Jay Strawser's Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN: 978-0-19-992612-1. 296 pages.
Book Review: The Ethics of Intelligence: A New Framework (Studies in Intelligence Series)
Danielle K. Johnson
A review of The Ethics of Intelligence: A New Framework (Studies in Intelligence Series), First Edition. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 2014. ISBN: 978-0-415-82104-9. 204 pages.

APUS ePress: Global Security and Intelligence Studies

Global Security and Intelligence Studies

Global Security and Intelligence Studies is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed, open access journal published through a partnership between The Policy Studies Organization, American Public University System, and the APUS ePress.

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Global Security and Intelligence Studies Issues

Vol. 2, No. 2 (Fall/Winter 2017)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 2, Number 2

Fall/Winter 2017

Vol. 2, No. 1 (Fall 2016)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 2, Number 1

Fall 2016

Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring 2016)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 1, Number 2

Spring 2016

Vol. 1, No. 1 (Fall 2015)

Global Security and Intelligence Studies, Volume 1, Number 1

Fall 2015